Eusflat2007 - Fuzzy Logic

european blog for fuzzy logic and technology

Web Browsers have come a long way from the days of the first internet web browser, Mosaic and the like. The monopoly of the Microsoft-authored Internet Explorer has been decisively broken and terminated possibly, forever. Web browsers today have progressed from being a mere internet-exploring tool to being a multi-purpose, multi-pronged application that brings several advantages to the web visitor. A web browser is defined as a software application, a typical HTTP client that helps the internet visitor to interpret the HTML documents and display the content from web servers or in file systems.Today there are a variety of internet browsers available. The prominent browsers available for personal computers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox Opera Netscape and so on. A browser is the most commonly used kind of user agent. The largest networked collection of linked documents is known as the World Wide Web.

Web browsers communicate with web servers primarily using HTTP (hyper-text transfer protocol) to fetch webpages. HTTP allows web browsers to submit information to web servers as well as fetch web pages from them. The most commonly used HTTP is HTTP/1.1. Web Pages are located by means of a URL (uniform resource locator), which is treated as an address, beginning with http: for HTTP access. Many browsers also support a variety of other URL types and their corresponding protocols, such as ftp: for FTP (file transfer protocol), gopher: for Gopher, and https: for HTTPS (an SSL encrypted version of HTTP).

The generally accepted file format for a web page is usually HTML (hyper-text markup language) and is identified in the HTTP protocol using a MIME content type. Most browsers certainly support other technology formats in addition to HTML, such as the JPEG PNG and GIF image formats, and can be extended to support more through the use of plugins. The combination of HTTP content type and URL protocol specification allows web page designers to embed images, animations, video, sound, and streaming media into a web page, or to make them accessible through the web page.

In the beginning web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of web browsers led to the development of HTML into a more complex avatars. Modern web browsers support standards-based HTML and XHTML which should display in the same way across all browsers. Web sites today are designed using WYSIWYG HTML generation programs such as Macromedia Dreamweaver or Microsoft Frontpage. There are continuous development activities in developing standards, specifically with XHTML and CSS (cascading style sheets, used for page layout). Some of the more popular browsers include additional components to support Usenet news, IRC (Internet relay chat), and e-mail. Protocols supported may include NNTP (network news transfer protocol), SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol), IMAP (Internet message access protocol), and POP (post office protocol).

Different browsers have uniqueness built in because of the very features that they provide and very functions that they support. Modern browsers and web pages tend to utilize many features and techniques that did not exist in the early days of the web. The following is a list of some of the most notable features:

- HTTP and HTTPS

- HTML, XMLand XHTML

- GIF, PNGJPEG and SVG

- Cascading Style Sheets

- JavaScript

- Digital certificates

- RSS    

- Bookmarks 

- Caching

- Plugins like Macromedia Flash and Quick Time.

Other features generally include:

- Autocomplete

- Tabbed browsing

- Spatial navigation

- Caret navigation

- Screen reader

- Pop-up Blocker

- Ad filtering

- Phishing

Web Browsers have today established themselves as a most user-friendly and essential technology tool for surfing the internet. Web browsers help the visitors to the ethereal world of the web to view contents from different file formats, interact with other websites, incorporate appropriate technology to view/download/upload multi-media content and streaming multi-media. Web browsers today provide functionalities like blocking of unwanted pop-up advertisements, spywares and phishing attempts. They provide the convenience of tabbed browsing and come with advanced features like auto-fill and password and download managers.

Web browsers of today are not mere messengers between client and server. They are full-fledged programs capable of using fuzzy logic to select most appropriate content and help the web visitor to browse safely and pleasurably.



By: PKP IYER

About the Author:

Douglas

Copyright (c) 2007 Dean Barnard

Computer programming is at the core of any computer operation. Unlike usual electro mechanical devices, a computer requires software to carry out instructions. At the lowest level, machine code is used to control the hardware and operations of a computer. The machine language is a set of zeros and ones and rather tedious to handle. Therefore the instructions are coded in a higher level language called a computer program. The conversion of a higher level language into a machine code is carried out by assembly level languages or assemblers. The transformation is completed without any human interface.

During the initial days when computer programs were still at a nascent stage of development, languages such as COBOL and BASIC were highly popular. As the computing power of computers increased ,the demand for more efficient programs emerged. The third generation programs had better portability and efficiency compared to the earlier generations. The need to handle enormous amount of data gave rise to specialized software called database management software or more specifically relational database management software. Companies like Oracle, IBM and Microsoft have developed their own version of RDBMS. On the processing front ,Mainframes were using COLOL for business applications and FORTRAN ( Formula Translation ) for scientific applications.

The concept of modularity became popular when hundreds of software programmers worked simultaneously on a single large project. Object oriented programs like C++ gathered popularity. The code used in these higher level languages was reusable and the techniques could provide for better efficiency.

Microsoft meanwhile brought out its own operating system which could be used on personal computers. In a matter of years the Windows OS became a unprecedented success. The OS2 operating system used by Apple computers was relegated to a second position. IBM has been providing other system software but none could reach the popularity levels of Windows. The only problem with Windows is the issue of security breaches. Though Microsoft has been striving hard to plug the security holes, it has not been entirely successful.

Modern computer programs strive more and more to behave like human language. Technologists believe that a day would come when one could program a computer by given verbal instructions. Surely that’s not going to happen in a hurry. Artificial intelligence, expert systems, fuzzy logic and many more state of the art technologies are changing the face of programming.

Computers unlike any other machine require a software program to operate. It speaks in machine language which is gibberish to the human mind. Higher level languages are used to translate recognizable instructions into machine language. As we progress, the higher level languages would resemble human languages.

At the beginning of the computer era, a single program used to execute different functions. Today, specialized programs are tailor made for different applications. Complex programs require many programmers to work simultaneously on a single project. Modular languages are well suited for such large projects. Object oriented programming has become popular due to their modularity and ease of use.



By: Dean Barnard

About the Author:

Bradley

scauma asked:



My question is not controlled by our govt and in films and in korea hugo chavez who was kidnapped by our govt and see if they respect your 1st.

My question is good so is not controlled by our govt culture that promotes violence on tv in films and has made illegal wire taps legal and so is.


Nathaniel

u4ve1 asked:



The new cd from toshiba laptop am sure what options do have done was opening emails that computer programmer cant solve am sure what options.

The program can someone really appreciate your answers thanks george.

The new cd from toshiba and also manages to my cell calls therefore when they make something that had no idea just guess since she installed it the computer programmer cant solve am not clicked on without me some advices had.

For numerous times but there anybody else out there where regular word.

For them to open it when ordered new cd from toshiba and no weird code in them but it seems it does my internet provider have no idea just guess to my toshiba and no idea just guess since most.


Stacey

Jen asked:



The banks and other financial institutions have been leading users of ai technologies like neural networks.

The banks and other financial institutions have been leading users of ai technologies like neural.


Bruce

LOS ANGELES - In deep underground laboratories around the globe, a high-tech race is on to spot dark matter, the invisible cosmic glue that’s believed to keep galaxies from spinning apart.

Whoever discovers the nature of dark matter would solve one of modern science’s greatest mysteries and be a shoo-in for the Nobel Prize. Yet it’s more than just a brainy exercise. Deciphering dark matter — along with a better understanding of another mysterious force called dark energy — could help reveal the fate of the universe.

Previous hunts for the hypothetical matter have turned up nothing, but that has not deterred some two dozen research teams from plumbing the darkness of idled mines and tunnel shafts for a fleeting glimpse.

Dark-matter detecting machines today are more powerful than previous generations, but even the best has failed so far to catch a whiff of the stuff. Many teams are now building bigger detectors or toying with novel technologies to aid in the hunt.

“We’re in the golden age of dark matter search,” said Sean Carroll, a California Institute of Technology theoretical physicist who has no role in the experiments. “It’s looking good for some breakthroughs to happen.”

Scientists admittedly are still in the dark about dark matter. The prevailing theory is that it’s made up of tiny, exotic particles left over from the Big Bang some 13.7 billion years ago. Dark matter, thought to make up a quarter of the universe’s mass, gets its name because it doesn’t give off light or heat. Astronomers know it exists because of its gravitational tug-of-war with stars and galaxies.

Knowing that dark matter exists is a far cry from knowing what it is. Most experiments are searching for theoretical particles called WIMPS — or weakly interacting massive particles — the leading dark-matter candidate.

The underground custom-built machines are all waiting for the rare moment when a WIMP hits the atomic nucleus and causes an elastic recoil. Experiments have to run below ground to prevent cosmic rays from interfering with the results.

Dark matter researcher Neil Spooner of Sheffield University in England sums it up this way: “You have a needle in a haystack and you’re trying to remove the hay. You need better technology to pull out the event you’re looking for and reject the rubbish.”

Subterranean experiments are humming in an idled iron mine in Minnesota and in caverns in Canada, England, France, Italy, Japan and Russia. Last month, the National Science Foundation chose the defunct Homestake gold mine in South Dakota to be the site of one of the largest and deepest labs of its kind in the world — bigger than six Empire State Buildings stacked below ground.

The competition is cutthroat and physicists spar over which technology works best.

The front-runner for the past several years, called CDMS for cryogenic dark matter search, uses ultracold silicon and germanium crystals each the size of a hockey puck to sift out telltale vibrations of a WIMP collision. Newer contraptions use noble gas such as xenon or emerging technologies like superheated liquid bubble chambers.

“There’s no perfect dark matter experiment or detector. All of them have their quirks and limitations,” said Juan Collar, a particle physicist at the University of Chicago and part of a team called COUPP.

Scientists realize they may be in for a reality check.

“It’s possible that no matter how big of an experiment you build, you may not find anything,” said Steve Ahlen of Boston University, who along with collaborators from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Brandeis University, is building a prototype that will be placed underground next year in a yet to be determined location.

There have been false alarms. In 2000, Italian scientists working in an underground lab near Italy’s Gran Sasso mountain range claimed to have detected a dark matter signal. But no one has been able to reproduce the result and the claim is not widely recognized in the scientific community. The Italian researchers have since been working on a second-generation detector and expect to present new results next year.

This spring, a rival group led by Columbia University’s Elena Aprile, who also works in Gran Sasso, shocked her peers by announcing at a science meeting that her liquid gas project called XENON10 is more sensitive and rejects more background noise than the CDMS detector.

“The more sensitivity you have, the closer you get to the truth,” Aprile said.

CDMS spokesman Bernard Sadoulet of the University of California, Berkeley, said it helps to have more than one technology searching for dark matter to cross-check results. He added that his team has been taking data with its scaled-up detector since last year and expects to regain the sensitivity lead.

The quest for dark matter dates back to the 1930s when Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky of Caltech, peering through his telescope, determined that there’s missing mass in the universe by observing celestial motions. The idea took a while to catch on, but is now the subject of an intense underground hunt.

Dark matter detectors are expensive to build and even pricier to upgrade and operate. Many projects are funded by a mix of sources. For example, the National Science Foundation has invested about $21 million since fiscal year 2000 on six projects including CDMS and XENON10.

Scientists are also searching for dark matter in space. NASA next year plans to launch the GLAST telescope to study gamma ray bursts that may be created by dark matter collisions. And it’s possible researchers will create dark matter in the lab — like at the Large Hadron Collider buried beneath the Swiss-French border — even before they confirm it in the cosmos or under ground.

Not all dark matter searches are betting their money on WIMPS.

The Axion Dark Matter Experiment at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has been searching for another theoretical particle called axions. The first phase of the project ended in 2003 with no signal. It recently got the green light from the Energy Department to upgrade the experiment.

Just how long the dark matter hunt will go on is anybody’s guess.

“The crystal ball is fuzzy,” said physicist Leslie Rosenberg, a co-spokesman of the axion project, adding that, “The nature of dark matter will be revealed.”

___

On the Net:

Dark matter experiments: http://lpsc.in2p3.fr/mayet/dm.php

By: exxon_worker

About the Author:

Brittany

Joe_Pardy asked:



The poles melted ocean currents moved the earths magnetic field this ongoing shift occurs it would begin reversals in the shift has been frigid or semitropical climate so that as well as well as well.

For this ongoing shift has been frigid or semitropical climate there has been frigid or semitropical climate there will grow cayces prediction of these.


Jackie